USP供電系(xi)統的“高可(ke)用(yong)性(xing)”要求其(qi)系(xi)統必(bi)須具備(bei)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)、功(gong)能性(xing)、可(ke)維護性(xing)和容錯(cuo)性(xing)四個(ge)要素(su)，而(er)UPS內部(bu)拓(tuo)撲結構對(dui)系(xi)統的可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)和功(gong)能性(xing)起著決(jue)定作用(yong)。可(ke)用(yong)性(xing)的關(guan)鍵要素(su)，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)可(ke)維護行和容錯(cuo)性(xing)，很大(da)程(cheng)度上取決(jue)于UPS冗余和配電系(xi)統選擇，本文對(dui)UPS內部(bu)不同的拓(tuo)撲結構進行分析和評估，說明個(ge)結構如(ru)何對(dui)“高可(ke)用(yong)性(xing)”電源系(xi)統的四個(ge)要素(su)產生影響的。

一、UPS拓(tuo)撲結構：離(li)線(xian)式(shi)UPS或后備(bei)式(shi)電源(SPS)

離線(xian)式拓(tuo)撲結構(gou)是最簡單(dan)的(de)一種UPS結構(gou)。正常(chang)運行(xing)情況(kuang)下，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接流(liu)(liu)經UPS直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至重要負(fu)載。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器或(huo)“4象限(xian)變(bian)流(liu)(liu)器”將交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。逆(ni)變(bian)器用于將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)成交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)故(gu)障時(shi)為(wei)負(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。逆(ni)變(bian)器通(tong)(tong)常(chang)運行(xing)于待機模式，保持對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如果市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)超過規定范(fan)圍，逆(ni)變(bian)器通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)向負(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。該(gai)拓(tuo)撲結構(gou)被稱(cheng)為(wei)“單(dan)變(bian)換(huan)(huan)(huan)”，因為(wei)在任何時(shi)候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)只(zhi)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)一次(交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)或(huo)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)為(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu))。正常(chang)運行(xing)情況(kuang)下，少量交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，保持對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。輸入市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)超出規定范(fan)圍時(shi)，UPS檢(jian)測到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)故(gu)障，切換(huan)(huan)(huan)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器動(dong)作，輸出逆(ni)變(bian)器啟動(dong)逆(ni)變(bian)器將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)成交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向負(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

離線(xian)(xian)式UPS價(jia)格非常低廉(lian)，僅(jin)適合于家用(yong)或(huo)為向只需要實施斷(duan)電(dian)保護應用(yong)的(de)單臺(tai)計算(suan)機工作站供電(dian)的(de)情形。有(you)時(shi)離線(xian)(xian)式產品內置(zhi)浪(lang)涌抑制和(he)/或(huo)“降壓和(he)升壓”電(dian)路(lu)，補償(chang)較(jiao)(jiao)高或(huo)較(jiao)(jiao)低的(de)輸入電(dian)壓，但(dan)不嘗試提(ti)供任何有(you)效的(de)輸入電(dian)源調節。

離線式(shi)UPS在設計簡單性(xing)方(fang)面得(de)分(fen)較高，而(er)在其(qi)它(ta)測量(liang)方(fang)面則稍(shao)有欠缺(que)。離線式(shi)UPS一般應(ying)用于單相(xiang)非重要(yao)負載(zai)。尤其(qi)是不兼容(rong)發電機(ji)等(deng)不足，使其(qi)不適(shi)用于三相(xiang)應(ying)用。

二、UPS拓撲(pu)結構：互動式UPS

互動式(shi)UPS拓撲結構。該結構與離(li)線式(shi)UPS產(chan)品類似，不同(tong)之(zhi)處是在市(shi)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源和負載之(zhi)間按照串聯(lian)的結構加入(ru)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)了(le)或電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)。該電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)使(shi)UPS逆變器(qi)可以與輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)源“交(jiao)互”，并對連接(jie)至負載的輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)源進行調(diao)節(jie)(jie)。也就是說在輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)較(jiao)高和較(jiao)低狀(zhuang)況下(xia)，“降壓(ya)(ya)和升壓(ya)(ya)”電(dian)(dian)路能夠進行相(xiang)應的調(diao)節(jie)(jie)。

四象限變換器一(yi)般為(wei)恒壓設備。負(fu)載(zai)或輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓變化時(shi)，四象限變換器通(tong)過調整(zheng)輸(shu)出(chu)相(xiang)位(wei)角，作出(chu)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)改變。負(fu)載(zai)頻繁(fan)的(de)(de)發(fa)生變化，將(jiang)導致電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)頻繁(fan)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)將(jiang)大大縮短其使用壽(shou)命(ming)。

互動(dong)式UPS產品的(de)另一個不足(zu)之處(chu)在(zai)于(yu)，如果(guo)不采用(yong)電(dian)池供電(dian)，將(jiang)無法(fa)完全使(shi)重要負載(zai)與輸入電(dian)源間實(shi)現隔離。頻(pin)率出(chu)現微(wei)擾和電(dian)源質量較差，將(jiang)直(zhi)(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)到重要負載(zai)。若不實(shi)施(shi)電(dian)氣隔離，共(gong)模噪聲也將(jiang)直(zhi)(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)到負載(zai)的(de)正常工作。

互動式UPS產品的另一個不足(zu)之處在(zai)于(yu)，如(ru)果(guo)不采(cai)用電(dian)池供(gong)電(dian)，將(jiang)(jiang)無法完全使重要負載與輸入(ru)電(dian)源(yuan)間實現隔離(li)。頻率出現微擾和(he)電(dian)源(yuan)質量較差，將(jiang)(jiang)直接影響(xiang)到(dao)重要負載。若不實施電(dian)氣隔離(li)，共(gong)模(mo)噪聲也將(jiang)(jiang)直接影響(xiang)到(dao)負載的正常工作。

與(yu)離線(xian)式(shi)UPS相(xiang)(xiang)同，互動(dong)式(shi)UPS產(chan)品價格可能(neng)(neng)較低，而效率高，原因是，它僅在輸入(ru)電(dian)源異常時向重(zhong)要負(fu)載供電(dian)，且(qie)僅在電(dian)池工作期間(jian)運作。與(yu)離線(xian)式(shi)UPS相(xiang)(xiang)比，互動(dong)式(shi)UPS設備(bei)由于其串聯電(dian)感器以及電(dian)源調節功能(neng)(neng)，在效率方面(mian)有(you)所損(sun)耗。另外，當UPS轉(zhuan)換為電(dian)池供電(dian)時，通常至少會出現一點(但可測(ce))電(dian)壓跌落(luo)。

發電機兼容性

離(li)線式UPS和互動(dong)式UPS產(chan)品需要輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的頻率(lv)和相位非常穩定。電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)頻率(lv)必須穩定，是因為逆變(bian)器必須跟蹤電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)頻率(lv)，以校準電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)流，這(zhe)樣系統輸(shu)出頻率(lv)才能與輸(shu)入頻率(lv)相同，除非UPS通過電(dian)(dian)池運行。

比(bi)較典型的(de)運行(xing)(xing)問題是當啟動發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)上的(de)其它負(fu)載(zai)(zai)時，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)頻(pin)率將發(fa)(fa)生很(hen)大(da)變化，從而導致離(li)線(xian)式UPS或(huo)互動式UPS通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。該問題在天然(ran)氣(qi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組上尤為明顯。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)反復充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，很(hen)可能(neng)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，將大(da)大(da)縮短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命。另(ling)一個潛在問題是UPS負(fu)載(zai)(zai)加載(zai)(zai)時，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)會不穩定，也就是說UPS負(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)突加，會導致發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)頻(pin)率跌落，從而導致UPS進入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)運行(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)態。當發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)穩定后(hou)，UPS恢復到(dao)正(zheng)常(chang)狀(zhuang)態，如果發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓再次下降時，UPS將再次進入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態。

對于雙(shuang)變(bian)換UPS則不會出(chu)現上述問題。雙(shuang)變(bian)換UPS調整輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，而(er)且(qie)可以容許電(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻率出(chu)現較大變(bian)化，同(tong)時繼續提供(gong)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)頻率，而(er)無需使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。而(er)且(qie)，雙(shuang)變(bian)換UPS主要(yao)制造(zao)商已經開發(fa)出(chu)減少輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)畸變(bian)的(de)(de)技(ji)術，極大地提高UPS與發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)兼容性(xing)，使負載規格選擇更為準(zhun)確。雙(shuang)變(bian)換UPS容量與發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)容量配(pei)比可以達到(dao)1.25~1.5：1，不會發(fa)生運行問題。

三(san)、UPS拓撲(pu)結構：具(ju)有功(gong)率因數校正功(gong)能(neng)的(de)在線性互動(dong)式(shi)(shi)結構(包括(kuo)“Delta變換式(shi)(shi)”產品)

近年來(lai)，有幾家公司(si)推出了具有功(gong)率因數校(xiao)正(zheng)功(gong)能的(de)在線(xian)互動(dong)式(shi)(shi)三相UPS產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。與(yu)離(li)線(xian)式(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)和一(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)互動(dong)式(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)相比(bi)，這些產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)改善了電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)調(diao)控性能，提高了輸(shu)出的(de)電(dian)源(yuan)質量(liang)。但同時也產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生了一(yi)(yi)些不利因素，如有源(yuan)功(gong)率調(diao)節會使效(xiao)率降低。實際上，在帶非線(xian)性負載(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)計算機負載)時，其效(xiao)率一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都低于雙(shuang)變(bian)換UPS產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。并且這種(zhong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)結構的(de)復雜性相對于雙(shuang)變(bian)換UPS而言往往是(shi)有過(guo)之(zhi)而無不及(ji)。及(ji)為(wei)容易誤導用戶的(de)是(shi)，該種(zhong)類型的(de)在線(xian)互動(dong)式(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)甚至被(bei)標榜為(wei)“在線(xian)式(shi)(shi)”產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，因為(wei)其逆變(bian)器(qi)始終“運行”，提供電(dian)壓調(diao)節或輸(shu)入功(gong)率因數校(xiao)正(zheng)。

傳統意義上，這些產品(pin)應(ying)被稱(cheng)為互(hu)式動UPS，即(ji)串聯(lian)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)和輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)與輸(shu)(shu)入市(shi)電(dian)進行互(hu)動，從(cong)而調整輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓。有些產品(pin)具有小型(xing)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)入逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)/充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(有時(shi)又稱(cheng)為“delta”逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi))，用以調整輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓。小型(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)一般與直流(liu)總線連接，直流(liu)總線為輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(主)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)提供電(dian)能轉換的(de)通道，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)會(hui)對輸(shu)(shu)入功率(lv)因(yin)數進行校正(zheng)，斷電(dian)時(shi)將電(dian)池(chi)的(de)能量逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)提供負載供電(dian)保護。

正常模式(shi)下(標(biao)準輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)源波形(xing)，UPS負載為(wei)線性(xing)負載)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)隔(ge)離開(kai)關(guan)(guan)、市(shi)電(dian)(dian)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)靜態開(kai)關(guan)(guan)和輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)隔(ge)離開(kai)關(guan)(guan)為(wei)閉(bi)合，市(shi)電(dian)(dian)直接(jie)向(xiang)負載輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)供電(dian)(dian)。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)用作(zuo)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，對電(dian)(dian)池系統進行浮充充電(dian)(dian)。在上(shang)述理想(非現實(shi))狀態下，主(zhu)逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)不工作(zuo)的。當UPS輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓出(chu)現過異常情況時，delta變(bian)換器(qi)(qi)(qi)產生相(xiang)應的電(dian)(dian)壓，通過降壓/升(sheng)壓變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)

入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相疊加(jia)(相加(jia)或相減)，從(cong)而(er)調整(zheng)輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，保證其輸出(chu)(chu)的穩定。這(zhe)種(zhong)調控(kong)原理(li)與當前(qian)市面(mian)上的某些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)類似(si)。當輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超出(chu)(chu)可調控(kong)范圍時，主逆變器(qi)開(kai)始工作，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池提供(gong)的直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)逆變輸出(chu)(chu)，提供(gong)滿幅(fu)輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，這(zhe)時須將市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸入(ru)靜態開(kai)關斷開(kai)，防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)向輸入(ru)側反灌，其作用與離線式UPS類似(si)。

若在線互(hu)動式UPS使(shi)用整流式市電(dian)(dian)輸入(ru)(ru)靜態(tai)開關(guan)，當輸入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)出現(xian)故障時，就極容易(yi)受到故障的(de)影響，因為它們無(wu)法快速關(guan)閉(bi)，導致逆變器向出現(xian)故障的(de)輸入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)端(duan)反向供電(dian)(dian)，然后(hou)關(guan)閉(bi)。

在線(xian)互動(dong)式(shi)UPS(或Delta變(bian)(bian)(bian)換式(shi))還可(ke)提(ti)供負載諧波(bo)電(dian)流和輸入功率因數校正(zheng)(zheng)。主逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)產生所需的補償電(dian)流—包括諧波(bo)電(dian)流和基波(bo)電(dian)流兩種。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)只(zhi)要一運行，無論是(shi)用于電(dian)壓校正(zheng)(zheng)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)/充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(Delta變(bian)(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi))，還是(shi)對諧波(bo)電(dian)流和功率因數進(jin)行校正(zheng)(zheng)的主逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)，都(dou)會(hui)發生額外損耗(hao)，大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低設備效率，因此(ci)其(qi)實際效率是(shi)遠低于其(qi)標榜的效率的。

四、UPS拓撲結構：雙(shuang)變換在線式UPS

真正(zheng)的在(zai)線(xian)式(shi)或(huo)雙變(bian)換UPS產品是極(ji)受歡迎的UPS拓撲(pu)結構。整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)將(jiang)輸(shu)(shu)入交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)轉換為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)，向(xiang)UPS的內部(bu)直流(liu)總(zong)線(xian)供(gong)電(dian)，輸(shu)(shu)出逆變(bian)器(qi)將(jiang)直流(liu)變(bian)換為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)，輸(shu)(shu)出穩壓穩頻的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)，向(xiang)重要(yao)負(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)。正(zheng)常(chang)運行期間，與直流(liu)總(zong)線(xian)連(lian)接(jie)的電(dian)池(chi)采用(yong)浮充充電(dian)。輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)源超出規(gui)定(ding)范圍(wei)時，電(dian)池(chi)向(xiang)逆變(bian)器(qi)和重要(yao)負(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)。

雙變換(huan)在線(xian)式UPS配置(zhi)優(you)點如(ru)下：

(1)重(zhong)要負載與(yu)輸入交流電完(wan)全隔離。

(2)重要負載(zai)始終由輸(shu)出逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)供電(dian)，而輸(shu)出逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)始終由內部直流總線供電(dian)。當(dang)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)源(yuan)故障時，輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)出現切換跌落，因(yin)(yin)為逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)一直是通過直流輸(shu)入(ru)運(yun)行。輸(shu)入(ru)市電(dian)的電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)頻率(lv)可(ke)能會(hui)(hui)變(bian)化(hua)，但雙變(bian)換UPS不(bu)會(hui)(hui)因(yin)(yin)此受到影(ying)響，因(yin)(yin)為整流器(qi)僅會(hui)(hui)

向直流(liu)(liu)總(zong)線(xian)提供(gong)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)。例如(ru)，UL33系列UPS可(ke)長時間運行(xing)，甚(shen)至當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)輸入電(dian)(dian)壓比其標(biao)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)壓低(di)15%時，可(ke)再(zai)次向電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)。它(ta)可(ke)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)壓比標(biao)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)壓低(di)20%的(de)情況下(xia)繼續運行(xing)，無須釋(shi)放電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)。同樣，如(ru)果輸入頻率低(di)于或超出(chu)(chu)規定范(fan)圍，整流(liu)(liu)器(qi)將繼續提供(gong)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，而輸出(chu)(chu)逆變(bian)器(qi)則繼續輸出(chu)(chu)50Hz電(dian)(dian)源，而不使用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。

 (3)輸出(chu)逆(ni)變(bian)器通(tong)常配備(bei)有可以(yi)提供(gong)另外一根中(zhong)性線的隔離變(bian)壓(ya)器。UPS從而可以(yi)實現電氣絕(jue)緣，并為負載提供(gong)共模噪(zao)聲保護。

(4)雙變換(huan)UPS內置雙輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)接(jie)線(xian)結構(gou)，即分別具有整流(liu)器(qi)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)和旁路電路輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)接(jie)線(xian)端子。用戶可能會(hui)為(wei)安裝的方便而(er)選擇(ze)單輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)型UPS，但(dan)雙輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)UPS產品容錯性更高。

(5)真正的(de)雙(shuang)變(bian)換UPS可用于雙(shuang)總(zong)線電源系統(tong)(tong)，在(zai)所有運(yun)行模(mo)(mo)式下，該系統(tong)(tong)內(nei)的(de)雙(shuang)變(bian)換UPS與指定的(de)參考源同步(bu)：市電、電池或備用發電機運(yun)行模(mo)(mo)式。

(6)輸(shu)(shu)入電源線出現(xian)故障，將(jiang)導(dao)致UPS進(jin)入電池供電模(mo)式，此時UPS整(zheng)流器將(jiang)防止電流由(you)直(zhi)流總線向前級的輸(shu)(shu)入端反灌。

五、結論

所(suo)有UPS拓撲結(jie)構(gou)都(dou)能提供斷電保護(hu)，在當前的電源保護(hu)行業發揮著一定(ding)的作用(yong)：

(1)離線(xian)式UPS是一(yi)個操作(zuo)簡便、費用較低的斷電保護解決方案。僅適(shi)用于單(dan)相工作(zuo)計算機應用。

(2)互動(dong)式UPS性能較之離(li)線式有(you)很(hen)大提(ti)(ti)高，但仍然(ran)無法(fa)完全消除所有(you)市(shi)電和(he)油機帶來的(de)故障和(he)干擾，可(ke)以為小(xiao)型網絡應(ying)用提(ti)(ti)供一定的(de)電源調節。可(ke)適用于單(dan)相(xiang)計算機和(he)非重要服務器(qi)應(ying)用。

(3)具有功(gong)(gong)率因(yin)數校正功(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)在(zai)線互(hu)式UPS為(wei)小型(xing)網絡應用(yong)提供較好的(de)電源(yuan)調節。適用(yong)于(yu)單相工作(zuo)站和(he)非(fei)重要服務器應用(yong)。不(bu)適用(yong)于(yu)工廠(chang)內的(de)三相應用(yong)。

(4)雙(shuang)變換UPS性能最佳，提供所有(you)電源故障保(bao)護。建議用(yong)于所有(you)重要的(de)單相及三(san)相應(ying)用(yong)，尤(you)其是高(gao)可用(yong)性和全天候不間斷運(yun)行(xing)應(ying)用(yong)。

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