UPS不僅(jin)是不間斷供電(dian)(dian)裝置，還具(ju)有電(dian)(dian)力(li)凈(jing)化的作(zuo)用。本文(wen)將重點討論UPS的選擇和配置、蓄電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)容(rong)量(liang)的選擇和配置以及UPS電(dian)(dian)源的安裝與維護。

引 言

 UPS即不(bu)間(jian)斷電(dian)源，隨著各種電(dian)子設備的普及，UPS電(dian)源得到了越來越廣泛地應用。

1 UPS選型和配置

1.1 了解UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的性能指標(biao)：①輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：220V或380V（三相四線制），－15%～＋10%。②輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)：根據這個(ge)值(zhi)選擇導線截面(mian)和輸(shu)入保險。③輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：一是輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩定度(du)，一般為(wei)±5%。有(you)些為(wei)±3%左右。另(ling)一個(ge)是穩壓(ya)精(jing)度(du)：穩態≤±1%、瞬態≤±5% 。④瞬態電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)恢復時間(jian)：≤±50ms。⑤輸(shu)出(chu)容量(liang)：即視在功(gong)率S， S＝UI⑥后備時間(jian)：指輸(shu)入中(zhong)斷后，UPS能繼續工作的時間(jian)，是UPS的關鍵指標(biao)。⑦功(gong)率因數：0.8（滯后）⑧效率：≥90%（滿載(zai)時）⑨過載(zai)功(gong)能：10min(125%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu))；10S(150%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu))。⑩限流(liu)：100%～110%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可調。

1.2 UPS選擇：

1.2.1 UPS型號 ①在線(xian)正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。無論(lun)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常與否，它對(dui)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都是由(you)(you)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)逆變器(qi)(qi)(qi)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。只要(yao)機(ji)內蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)向(xiang)(xiang)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)逆變器(qi)(qi)(qi)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)能(neng)量，當市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)斷時(shi)，在線(xian)式UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)就能(neng)實現對(dui)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)正不間斷供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其(qi)正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)波(bo)(bo)形失真(zhen)系數最(zui)小，對(dui)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)時(shi)間為零，可靠性(xing)高，故障率低(di)但(dan)價格較高。②后備式正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。采(cai)用了抗(kang)干(gan)擾式分級調壓穩壓技術。僅(jin)僅(jin)在由(you)(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才有可能(neng)向(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)高質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)，在從市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向(xiang)(xiang)逆變器(qi)(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)轉(zhuan)換(huan)時(shi)，對(dui)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)而言，大約(yue)有4ms左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)斷供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（主(zhu)要(yao)來源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)于繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)時(shi)間）。后備式正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)處于市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，由(you)(you)于市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是直接(jie)通(tong)過抗(kang)干(gan)擾濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此(ci)噪音(yin)較小，但(dan)是UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)處于逆變器(qi)(qi)(qi)工作時(shi)，由(you)(you)于PWM脈(mo)(mo)寬(kuan)調制頻率一般(ban)為8KHZ左右，因此(ci)噪音(yin)較大。③后備方波(bo)(bo)輸出UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。向(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是方波(bo)(bo)而不是正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)。此(ci)類UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)只能(neng)接(jie)微容性(xing)或純組性(xing)設備，負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)越重，方波(bo)(bo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)寬(kuan)度越寬(kuan)，而方波(bo)(bo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峰值越小。此(ci)類UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)化時(shi)間不一定。其(qi)變化范圍為4～9ms且用戶不能(neng)控制。此(ci)類UPS不能(neng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)頻率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關閉(bi)和啟(qi)動，但(dan)造價較低(di)。

1.2.2 負載容量(liang)、負載功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)和UPS的波(bo)(bo)峰因(yin)數(shu) 選購(gou)UPS時(shi)，首(shou)先要知道負載的總容量(liang)，同時(shi)還要考慮負載的功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)才能確定(ding)UPS的標準功(gong)率容量(liang)。由(you)于(yu)負載功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)很難計(ji)算，所(suo)以UPS技術規范(fan)中(zhong)給出了波(bo)(bo)峰因(yin)數(shu)這個(ge)指標，波(bo)(bo)峰因(yin)數(shu)越(yue)高，UPS承受非線(xian)性的能力(li)越(yue)強。一(yi)般(ban)波(bo)(bo)峰因(yin)數(shu)比應大于(yu)3：1。

1.2.3 電池后備時間 一般情況下，選擇后備時間時，通常選取滿載工作時間為10min、15min或30min即可。由于蓄電池價格較貴、長延時UPS一般僅在停電時間較長的場合選用。此時最好選擇有外接大容量的蓄電池功能的UPS，以確保市電停電后能長時間供電。
1.2.4 UPS中(zhong)性線截面 由于UPS負載多為(wei)非線性負載，因而(er)流過中(zhong)線的(de)電(dian)流不為(wei)零。即(ji)使在(zai)三(san)相(xiang)負載完全平衡時中(zhong)線電(dian)流也可(ke)達三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)流的(de)1.8倍。負載功(gong)率因數(shu)越(yue)小，倍數(shu)越(yue)大。因此在(zai)UPS電(dian)源中(zhong)，其中(zhong)線截面不得小于相(xiang)線截面。否則易(yi)造(zao)(zao)成中(zhong)線發(fa)熱，甚(shen)至燒掉電(dian)纜引起火災(zai)，造(zao)(zao)成嚴重后果。

2 蓄電池的選擇和配(pei)置(zhi)

2.1 蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基本技術指標：①閥控式密封鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)：每(mei)臺UPS各接(jie)一(yi)組。②浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)允差：1%。③浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：2.23～2.27V/單(dan)體。④均充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：2.3～2.4V/單(dan)體。⑤ 放電(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：1.67～1.70V/單(dan)體。⑥溫度對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命的影(ying)響：在25℃時浮(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)運行情況下，理論壽(shou)命不低于10年。

2.2 UPS蓄電(dian)池容量的計算

2.2.1 蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流II＝S×COSφ/η×Ei式中(zhong)：S為(wei)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)標(biao)稱輸出(chu)功率(lv)；COSφ為(wei)負(fu)載功率(lv)因(yin)數，一般(ban)取(qu)0.8；η為(wei)逆(ni)變器的(de)效率(lv)一般(ban)取(qu)0.8；Ei為(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

2.2.2 電池后備時間(jian)t 電池后備時間(jian)t根據用戶的需要而定，中小型UPS多采用閥控鉛蓄電池。價格(ge)較貴(gui)，一般選取滿載工作時間(jian)為(wei)10min、15min或30min。

2.2.3 蓄(xu)電(dian)池容量C 算出最(zui)大放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流后，再根據(ju)負載(zai)性質及(ji)用戶所需UPS的(de)后備時(shi)間，算得蓄(xu)電(dian)池標配(pei)容量：（C＝It）。

3 UPS安裝

3.1 UPS的安(an)裝位置要求

3.1.1 為(wei)(wei)延長電(dian)池壽命，蓄電(dian)池應安裝在環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度為(wei)(wei)15℃～25℃范圍內，室(shi)內溫(wen)度也(ye)不能太大。

3.1.2 UPS的(de)左右(you)兩側要留(liu)有(you)50mm空間(jian)，后面(mian)要留(liu)有(you)100mm，前(qian)面(mian)留(liu)有(you)足夠的(de)操作空間(jian)。

3.1.3 外置電池柜應與UPS放在一起。

3.2 UPS與(yu)(yu)市(shi)電(dian)、負(fu)(fu)載的(de)連(lian)接(jie)(jie) UPS與(yu)(yu)市(shi)電(dian)及(ji)負(fu)(fu)載的(de)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)都(dou)很簡單，但連(lian)接(jie)(jie)前應檢查(cha)：①UPS輸(shu)入參(can)數與(yu)(yu)市(shi)電(dian)的(de)電(dian)壓、頻率是(shi)否(fou)一(yi)致(zhi)。②接(jie)(jie)入UPS的(de)火線和零線是(shi)否(fou)與(yu)(yu)廠家規定一(yi)致(zhi)。③檢查(cha)負(fu)(fu)載功(gong)率是(shi)否(fou)小(xiao)于UPS輸(shu)出功(gong)率。④UPS與(yu)(yu)電(dian)池連(lian)接(jie)(jie)時一(yi)定分清正(zheng)負(fu)(fu)極。

3.3 電纜(lan)截(jie)面的選擇(ze) 選擇(ze)導線截(jie)面時應考慮：

3.3.1 符合電纜使(shi)用安全標準(zhun)。

3.3.2 符合電(dian)纜溫升要求。

3.3.3 滿(man)足(zu)電(dian)壓降要求。① 交流輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)流I相(xiang)。因為(wei)P＝3×U相(xiang)×I相(xiang)×COSφ(單(dan)相(xiang)輸(shu)出(chu)者則為(wei)：P＝UICOSφ)。所以I相(xiang)=P/(3×U相(xiang)×COSφ)＝S/(3×U相(xiang))。② 直(zhi)流輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)流I＝P/U(U應取最小值)。求出(chu)交流輸(shu)入(ru)I相(xiang)和直(zhi)流輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)流I后，再查表確定導線截(jie)面積。

4 UPS維護

筆者根據(ju)多年來的(de)工作(zuo)經驗，建議從(cong)以下(xia)幾個方(fang)面做好UPS電源(yuan)系(xi)統的(de)維護：

4.1 掌握UPS的基本(ben)知(zhi)識，認真閱讀設備說明(ming)書(shu)，弄清各種(zhong)警示(shi)(shi)(shi)信(xin)息，警示(shi)(shi)(shi)代碼，指示(shi)(shi)(shi)燈的含義，以及(ji)產生的原因和應對(dui)方(fang)法。熟悉(xi)設備上各種(zhong)開關(guan)，按鈕的作用(yong)。熟悉(xi)掌握UPS的各種(zhong)操作，清楚(chu)連接(jie)關(guan)系，明(ming)白代通之法。

4.2 加強日常(chang)(chang)的巡(xun)視、維護，查(cha)看設備有(you)無(wu)告(gao)警(jing)，有(you)無(wu)異(yi)味，有(you)無(wu)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)響聲，檢查(cha)接頭有(you)無(wu)松(song)動發(fa)熱現(xian)象，散熱扇運轉(zhuan)是否(fou)正常(chang)(chang)，設備各(ge)種(zhong)指示是否(fou)正常(chang)(chang)，發(fa)現(xian)問題及時解決。

4.3 制定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)維(wei)護計劃：每月定(ding)(ding)期(qi)測(ce)量設(she)備輸出電(dian)壓、電(dian)流(liu)、功(gong)率以及蓄電(dian)池(chi)內(nei)阻和(he)端電(dian)壓。每季或半年(nian)對蓄電(dian)池(chi)做一(yi)次(ci)核對性放電(dian)試驗，一(yi)般應(ying)放出額定(ding)(ding)容量的30%～40%。每年(nian)清潔一(yi)次(ci)UPS內(nei)部衛(wei)生，檢查各接頭是(shi)否接觸良好。

4.4 蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)操作中(zhong)，如采用蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)脫機使用假負(fu)(fu)(fu)載(zai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)僅拆卸繁(fan)瑣(suo)，且不(bu)安全，事后還需拆卸安裝(zhuang)再充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試驗(yan)的(de)(de)安全有效，既能發(fa)現(xian)問(wen)題(ti)（落后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、反(fan)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等），又能保證供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全可(ke)靠(kao)（不(bu)造成過放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、短(duan)路、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)斷等）。這里推(tui)薦一種直接利用負(fu)(fu)(fu)載(zai)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)方法：即關(guan)(guan)斷UPS交流(liu)輸入(ru)開關(guan)(guan)，讓蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于(yu)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源多用于(yu)重要的(de)(de)網絡通(tong)信(xin)等系統中(zhong)，負(fu)(fu)(fu)載(zai)變化幅度不(bu)大，所以用負(fu)(fu)(fu)載(zai)直接放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)基本不(bu)變，這樣就(jiu)可(ke)根據(ju)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)情況和放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況確定放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，算出放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，以后每季度的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都與此次記錄相比較，并從中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)問(wen)題(ti)及時(shi)排除。

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