摘(zhai)要(yao)：結構化綜合布線的兩個優點，結合建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)實際的各個弱(ruo)(ruo)電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，具有發展性(xing)和不(bu)穩定性(xing)的只有電(dian)話系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和計算機網絡(luo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。而對(dui)于其它弱(ruo)(ruo)電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，如火災自動報(bao)警(jing)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、保安監(jian)視(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、廣播(bo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電(dian)纜電(dian)視(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)等的設備，具有根高的固(gu)定性(xing)，且位置一般不(bu)會移動，具對(dui)于一個固(gu)定的建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)，這些系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的設備一經選(xuan)定，頻繁更(geng)新換(huan)代(dai)的可(ke)能性(xing)和必要(yao)性(xing)均很低。

對于現代化(hua)(hua)智(zhi)能建筑(zhu)尤(you)其是辦公(gong)樓宇的(de)(de)弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設計，采(cai)用(yong)結構化(hua)(hua)綜(zong)合(he)(he)布(bu)線(xian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)已成為共識，但是，目前(qian)還存(cun)在著兩種看(kan)法(fa)(或做法(fa))。一種是主張將所(suo)有的(de)(de)弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)都建立在結構化(hua)(hua)綜(zong)合(he)(he)布(bu)線(xian)所(suo)搭起(qi)的(de)(de)平臺上，也就是用(yong)結構化(hua)(hua)綜(zong)合(he)(he)布(bu)線(xian)代替所(suo)有的(de)(de)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)布(bu)線(xian);另一種則主張將計算機(ji)網絡(luo)布(bu)線(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)配線(xian)納入到(dao)結構化(hua)(hua)綜(zong)合(he)(he)布(bu)線(xian)中，而其它(ta)的(de)(de)弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)仍采(cai)用(yong)其特有的(de)(de)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)布(bu)線(xian)。究竟采(cai)取哪(na)種布(bu)線(xian)方式較為合(he)(he)理(li)，應結合(he)(he)具體項目，從所(suo)用(yong)方案(an)的(de)(de)先進(jin)性(xing)、合(he)(he)理(li)性(xing)、經(jing)濟性(xing)等(deng)方面綜(zong)合(he)(he)考慮方能得出結論。

一、智能建筑弱電方案確定(ding)的基本思(si)路

讓我們首(shou)先分析一(yi)下(xia)結(jie)構(gou)化(hua)綜(zong)(zong)合布(bu)(bu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)優點(dian)。第一(yi)，結(jie)構(gou)化(hua)綜(zong)(zong)合布(bu)(bu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了標準化(hua)的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)纜和接插頭(tou)(tou)模塊，非(fei)常便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)各樓(lou)層(ceng)及本樓(lou)層(ceng)間的(de)(de)信息(xi)(xi)點(dian)管(guan)理，使(shi)得因辦公室搬遷等因素(su)造成的(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)終(zhong)端設備，電(dian)話(hua)機(ji)移位(wei)時，你只需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)將插頭(tou)(tou)拔出，插入(ru)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)位(wei)置，然(ran)后在(zai)弱電(dian)設備間內做跳線(xian)(xian)(xian)處理或僅僅作些軟(ruan)件上的(de)(de)更改，即可重新(xin)(xin)投入(ru)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。而(er)不(bu)象傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)布(bu)(bu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)那樣，沒(mei)有統(tong)(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)標準，當設備需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)要移位(wei)時，會帶來很多管(guan)理上的(de)(de)不(bu)方便(bian)或需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)要重新(xin)(xin)布(bu)(bu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，且會對建筑裝演造成較大(da)的(de)(de)破壞。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)結(jie)構(gou)化(hua)綜(zong)(zong)合布(bu)(bu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)第二個優點(dian)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)這種布(bu)(bu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)擴展(zhan)能力強，因為對于(yu)(yu)(yu)五類非(fei)屏蔽雙絞線(xian)(xian)(xian)可以(yi)提(ti)供155Mbps的(de)(de)信息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸能力，除了滿足當前各種網絡的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)要外，還能滿足未來發展(zhan)的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)要。

根(gen)據(ju)上(shang)述結(jie)構化綜(zong)合(he)布線的(de)(de)兩個(ge)優點(dian)，結(jie)合(he)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)實際的(de)(de)各個(ge)弱電(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，具(ju)有(you)(you)發展性(xing)和(he)(he)不穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)的(de)(de)只(zhi)有(you)(you)電(dian)話系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)計算(suan)機網(wang)絡(luo)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。而對(dui)(dui)于(yu)其(qi)它(ta)(ta)弱電(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，如火災自動(dong)報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、保安監視系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、廣播系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、電(dian)纜電(dian)視系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)，具(ju)有(you)(you)根(gen)高的(de)(de)固定(ding)(ding)性(xing)，且位(wei)置一(yi)般不會移動(dong)，具(ju)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)一(yi)個(ge)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)，這些系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)一(yi)經選定(ding)(ding)，頻繁更新換代的(de)(de)可能性(xing)和(he)(he)必要性(xing)均很低。根(gen)據(ju)以上(shang)所(suo)述，我們一(yi)般都在弱電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)計中把電(dian)話系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及計算(suan)機網(wang)絡(luo)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)配(pei)線統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)納入結(jie)構化綜(zong)合(he)布線，而其(qi)它(ta)(ta)弱電(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)保持相對(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)獨立性(xing)，仍采用傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)配(pei)線方式。

然而，采(cai)用上述方法還有其它一些原因：如當前大多數弱電設備廠家的系(xi)(xi)統(tong)與結構化綜合布線(xian)(xian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)不兼容。要(yao)想(xiang)使這些弱電系(xi)(xi)統(tong)在(zai)結構化綜合布線(xian)(xian)平(ping)臺上運行，則必須增(zeng)加(jia)轉換設備。例如保安監控系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的攝像機，其輸出(chu)的視頻(pin)信號通(tong)常以同(tong)軸電纜傳(chuan)輸，如果將(jiang)其納入結構化綜合布線(xian)(xian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中，需在(zai)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)兩端(duan)增(zeng)加(jia)信號轉換設備，見圖1。很顯然，這樣做既麻煩(fan)又不經濟。

二、綜合布線在應(ying)用中的問(wen)題

根據一(yi)段時間的(de)應用(yong)實踐(jian)，我(wo)們發(fa)現(xian)現(xian)有的(de)綜合布線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)品。三(san)類、五類非屏蔽雙絞線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)其截面均為(wei)0.5mm2(美國線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)規AWG24)，與之相配(pei)套的(de)配(pei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)架(jia)，出線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)座都只能適用(yong)于截面為(wei)0.5mm2的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)纜。因此，它在支持如下幾個弱電子(zi)系統時，就存在局限性(xing)或不(bu)足(zu)。

1.廣播系(xi)統(PAS)

根據我國電(dian)(dian)氣規范，一般(ban)將電(dian)(dian)氣設備工作電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)220/380V(交(jiao)流50Hz)，有(you)效(xiao)值24V以(yi)下的(de)(de)交(jiao)流信號確定為(wei)弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)信號。而在廣播系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)，如采(cai)用定壓輸(shu)出，線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓可(ke)分為(wei)70V、100V、120V三檔。故在廣播系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)綜合布線(xian)(xian)(xian)，會(hui)對線(xian)(xian)(xian)纜產(chan)(chan)生過電(dian)(dian)壓，長期(qi)使用會(hui)對線(xian)(xian)(xian)纜的(de)(de)壽命(ming)產(chan)(chan)生不(bu)良影響，另外，廣播系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)用線(xian)(xian)(xian)截(jie)面一般(ban)為(wei)1.0～2.5mm2，而非(fei)屏蔽雙絞線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)芯截(jie)面只有(you)0.5mm2，相差甚遠。

2.火(huo)災報警及控(kong)制系統(FAS)

根據我國(guo)現行的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)災(zai)(zai)自(zi)動報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)統(tong)設(she)計規(gui)范(fan)規(gui)定：火(huo)災(zai)(zai)自(zi)動報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)信號傳(chuan)輸線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)芯(xin)線(xian)(xian)截(jie)面(mian)，穿管敷設(she)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)不應小于1.0mm2;線(xian)(xian)槽內敷設(she)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)不應小于0.75mm2。而作為綜合布線(xian)(xian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)屏蔽雙絞線(xian)(xian)其截(jie)面(mian)積為0.5mm2顯然不能滿足(zu)我國(guo)火(huo)災(zai)(zai)自(zi)動報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)統(tong)設(she)計規(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。另外在總線(xian)(xian)制的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)災(zai)(zai)報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中，電源線(xian)(xian)與(yu)控(kong)制線(xian)(xian)多采用1.5～2.5mm2的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)，綜合布線(xian)(xian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)也(ye)不能滿足(zu)要(yao)求。

特(te)別(bie)需(xu)要(yao)指出的是：我(wo)國現行消(xiao)防規范(fan)要(yao)求所有消(xiao)防信號線(xian)(xian)、通訊線(xian)(xian)均不可與非(fei)消(xiao)防線(xian)(xian)路共管(guan)敷(fu)設。因(yin)而要(yao)用綜合布線(xian)(xian)產品支持火災報警與控制系統(tong)，必須先(xian)獲(huo)得(de)當地消(xiao)防主管(guan)部(bu)門的特(te)許。

3.共(gong)用(yong)天線電視系統(CATV)

用(yong)綜(zong)合布線產品支(zhi)持CATV一般(ban)都采用(yong)光纖(xian)，因(yin)此在(zai)線路放大(da)器(qi)，分配(pei)器(qi)、分支(zhi)器(qi)的(de)兩端都要(yao)加裝適(shi)配(pei)器(qi)，這無疑將使投資增(zeng)加，且因(yin)中(zhong)間環(huan)節增(zeng)多，系統的(de)可(ke)靠性也降低了。

以(yi)上闡述了綜(zong)合布(bu)線(xian)系(xi)(xi)統在我國(guo)支持(chi)(chi)各弱電系(xi)(xi)統目前仍存(cun)在的(de)一些(xie)問題，那么是不(bu)是說結構化綜(zong)合布(bu)線(xian)系(xi)(xi)統不(bu)能支持(chi)(chi)上述各個(ge)弱電系(xi)(xi)統?答案是否定的(de)。對于(yu)一座智能化程(cheng)度要求很高的(de)建筑物，在規范允許(xu)(xu)和(he)獲得特許(xu)(xu)的(de)前提(ti)下，可以(yi)利用(yong)綜(zong)合布(bu)線(xian)產(chan)品的(de)光(guang)纖和(he)各種對數非屏蔽雙(shuang)絞線(xian)纜支持(chi)(chi)計算(suan)機網絡和(he)電話通訊系(xi)(xi)統，用(yong)同軸電纜支持(chi)(chi)CATV和(he)CCTV(監視電視，采用(yong)截(jie)面為1.0～1.5mm2的(de)特殊定貨的(de)非屏蔽雙(shuang)絞線(xian)支持(chi)(chi)FAS、PAS)。

三、結束語

綜(zong)上所述，目前智(zhi)能(neng)建筑內(nei)，一(yi)些弱(ruo)電(dian)子系統還不能(neng)完(wan)全融合于結構(gou)化(hua)(hua)綜(zong)合布(bu)(bu)線內(nei)。建議有關單位，盡快研究(jiu)和生(sheng)產出能(neng)滿(man)足各種(zhong)線徑和不同傳輸信(xin)號要(yao)求的(de)綜(zong)合布(bu)(bu)線系列產品，使所有弱(ruo)電(dian)系統均(jun)納入結構(gou)化(hua)(hua)綜(zong)合布(bu)(bu)線的(de)目標能(neng)夠實現。

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