摘要：工程中(zhong)的一些重要部門和系統(tong)必(bi)須考慮不間斷電(dian)源UPS供電(dian)。

GB50052 1995《供(gong)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)系統設計規范》中的(de)強制性條文規定(ding)："一級負(fu)荷中特(te)別重(zhong)要的(de)負(fu)荷，除由兩個電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)外，尚應(ying)增設應(ying)急(ji)電(dian)(dian)源。"柴(chai)油發電(dian)(dian)機組可以(yi)作為應(ying)急(ji)電(dian)(dian)源，但其反應(ying)速(su)度太慢，要15秒才能(neng)恢復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，這與現(xian)代(dai)化的(de)通信(xin)(xin)及網絡信(xin)(xin)息數據流(liu)無法匹配(pei)。因此，工程(cheng)中的(de)一些重(zhong)要部(bu)門和系統必須考慮不間(jian)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)源UPS供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。

1.交流不間(jian)斷電源系統供電

在下列情況下應設(she)計并采(cai)用交流不間(jian)斷電(dian)源系統(tong)供電(dian)：

（1）對供電可(ke)靠性要(yao)求較高，采用備用電源自動(dong)投人方式或柴油(you)發(fa)電機組應急自啟動(dong)方式等仍不能滿足要(yao)求時。

（2）一般穩壓(ya)穩頻設備不(bu)能滿足要(yao)求時。

（3）需(xu)要保證順序斷電安(an)全停(ting)機時。

（4）電子計算機系統實時(shi)(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)時(shi)(shi)。

（5）電子計(ji)算(suan)機系統聯網運行時。

計算(suan)機設備(bei)(bei)對電(dian)源(yuan)要求質量(liang)較高，不(bu)(bu)僅要求采(cai)用不(bu)(bu)間斷供電(dian)系統(tong)，而且要求電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓波動(dong)(dong)在一定(ding)范圍以(yi)內才能正常工作(zuo)。網絡數(shu)據傳(chuan)輸設備(bei)(bei)要求電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓的波動(dong)(dong)在 5%以(yi)內。

2.UPS的特性

UPS是(shi)一(yi)種高(gao)質量(liang)、高(gao)可靠性的獨立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，是(shi)一(yi)種蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)靜止型不間斷供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置。它由整(zheng)流器、逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器、交流靜態開關和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)成。平時，市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經整(zheng)流器變(bian)為(wei)直流對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時經逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器輸出高(gao)質量(liang)的交流凈化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供重要(yao)負載，使其不受市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、頻率、諧波(bo)干擾。當市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)因故停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，系統(tong)自動切換到蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，經逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器對(dui)重要(yao)負荷(he)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

UPS的不間(jian)斷(duan)特(te)性體現在其(qi)"同(tong)(tong)步切換"工作程(cheng)序(xu)上，當市電與逆變(bian)器進(jin)行切換時(shi)(shi)，其(qi)控制系統會適(shi)時(shi)(shi)地檢測市電的同(tong)(tong)步范(fan)圍，在市電不超限(xian)時(shi)(shi)，逆變(bian)器實(shi)現"先通后(hou)斷(duan)"的供(gong)電，從(cong)而(er)保證了供(gong)電系統的"無間(jian)斷(duan)切換".

市場上(shang)的(de)UPS產品(pin)，其容量規(gui)格大致有0.25、0.4、0.6、1、2、3、4、5、10、15、20、40、60、80、100、120、160、200、300、400、500、600、800、1000kVA等(deng)(deng)(deng)，并(bing)巳形成系列化(hua)產品(pin)。一般(ban)都經IS0g00l國(guo)際質(zhi)量標(biao)準(zhun)認證(zheng)、UL安(an)全標(biao)準(zhun)及CE抗電磁干擾認證(zheng)和標(biao)記。多數(shu)采用了PWM脈(mo)寬調頻技術、PIGBT高效(xiao)功率器(qi)件、微(wei)處理器(qi)主/從控制技術等(deng)(deng)(deng)，可(ke)雙(shuang)機或多機并(bing)聯。具備電池測試維護、微(wei)機監控元人值守(shou)、可(ke)遠程(cheng)通(tong)信等(deng)(deng)(deng)功能(neng)；在機器(qi)構成上(shang)，元器(qi)件標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)、模塊(kuai)化(hua)、互換性好(hao)；有寬電壓輸入、高效(xiao)率輸出、過載(zai)能(neng)力強等(deng)(deng)(deng)優(you)良(liang)性能(neng)。

3.UPS的供電(dian)方式

UPS電(dian)源的(de)工作方式(shi)根據用電(dian)設(she)(she)備對供(gong)(gong)電(dian)可(ke)靠性(xing)和(he)連續性(xing)的(de)要(yao)求可(ke)分為單一式(shi)、并聯式(shi)、冗余式(shi)和(he)并聯冗余式(shi)等方式(shi)；根據用電(dian)設(she)(she)備對供(gong)(gong)電(dian)可(ke)靠性(xing)和(he)管理方便的(de)要(yao)求也可(ke)分為分散式(shi)、集(ji)中(zhong)式(shi)、分散與集(ji)中(zhong)相結合(he)三種方式(shi)。分散式(shi)UPS供(gong)(gong)電(dian)采用的(de)設(she)(she)備容(rong)量都比較(jiao)(jiao)小，支(zhi)持(chi)時(shi)間較(jiao)(jiao)短，適(shi)合(he)用于(yu)一些辦公區(qu)和(he)控制室；集(ji)中(zhong)式(shi)UPS供(gong)(gong)電(dian)適(shi)合(he)一些要(yao)求支(zhi)持(chi)時(shi)間較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)和(he)較(jiao)(jiao)大型的(de)計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)網絡機(ji)(ji)房等。應當根據甲方需求來確定采用哪種UPS的(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)方式(shi)和(he)容(rong)量。集(ji)中(zhong)設(she)(she)置(zhi)的(de)UPS電(dian)源容(rong)量的(de)統(tong)計(ji)需由設(she)(she)計(ji)方與業主(zhu)密切配合(he)，并考慮(lv)所(suo)選UPS產品(pin)的(de)轉換效率(lv)(lv)。尤(you)其是功率(lv)(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)大時(shi)，UPS轉換效率(lv)(lv)非(fei)常(chang)重要(yao)，效率(lv)(lv)高(gao)就可(ke)節(jie)省初期投(tou)資和(he)長(chang)期能源損耗(hao)的(de)費用。

一般情(qing)況下(xia)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)房(fang)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)用(yong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)十UPS后(hou)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相結合的方式(shi)較(jiao)多(duo)。正常情(qing)況下(xia)，市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)過UPS穩頻穩壓后(hou)給計算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)計算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質量；當(dang)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，后(hou)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)通(tong)(tong)過UPS逆變(bian)后(hou)給計算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)計算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與UPS后(hou)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)間通(tong)(tong)過靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換開關(guan)切換，確保(bao)計算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)無瞬間斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

UPS供電為(wei)集(ji)中方式時，還(huan)應充分(fen)考慮(lv)UPS機房的(de)設(she)備(bei)布置(zhi)、饋線(xian)(xian)的(de)鋪設(she)、主機柜的(de)散(san)熱和整個(ge)機房的(de)降(jiang)噪措施等；對于(yu)分(fen)散(san)式UPS供電，分(fen)散(san)在各處的(de)UPS容量都很(hen)小(xiao)，上述問(wen)題(ti)可不(bu)予考慮(lv)。但是，UPS電源都應引(yin)自雙電源末端互投配電柜（箱）的(de)出線(xian)(xian)回(hui)路，不(bu)能(neng)從普通(tong)插座接(jie)引(yin)。

設(she)計UPS供電(dian)方(fang)案時，針(zhen)對分散在(zai)(zai)各處(chu)的重要控制室，在(zai)(zai)保證雙電(dian)源(yuan)末端自(zi)投的一級供電(dian)模式下，采(cai)用(yong)分散式小型UPS電(dian)源(yuan)作為后備供電(dian)也(ye)很實用(yong)。

4.盡量避免(mian)過電(dian)流充電(dian)

過電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)易(yi)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部的正負(fu)極板彎曲(qu)，使極板表面(mian)的活性(xing)物質脫落，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池可供使用(yong)容量(liang)下(xia)降，情(qing)況(kuang)嚴(yan)重時會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部極板短路(lu)而損壞。

5.盡量(liang)避免(mian)蓄電池(chi)過電壓充電

過電壓充電往(wang)往(wang)會造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)蓄電池(chi)電解液所含的(de)水被電解分(fen)離成(cheng)(cheng)氫氣(qi)和氧氣(qi)而逸出，從而使(shi)電池(chi)使(shi)用(yong)壽命縮(suo)短。

6.更換活性下降、內阻過大的電池

（1）隨著UPS電(dian)(dian)源使用(yong)時間的延長，總有部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)池的充放電(dian)(dian)特性(xing)會逐漸變壞，端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓明顯下降，這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)池的性(xing)能不(bu)可能再依靠UPS電(dian)(dian)源內部(bu)的充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路來(lai)解決，繼續使用(yong)會存在(zai)隱(yin)患，應及時更(geng)換。

（2）由于蓄電(dian)池內阻(zu)(zu)增(zeng)大(da)，當用正(zheng)常的(de)充電(dian)電(dian)壓對電(dian)池進(jin)行充電(dian)已不能使蓄電(dian)池恢復其充電(dian)特性時應(ying)及時更換(huan)。電(dian)池的(de)內阻(zu)(zu)一般在(zai)10 30mn，如果電(dian)池的(de)內阻(zu)(zu)超(chao)過200m巴則(ze)將不足(zu)以維持UPS的(de)正(zheng)常運行，對內阻(zu)(zu)偏(pian)大(da)的(de)電(dian)池必須更換(huan)。

7.避(bi)免(mian)新舊蓄(xu)電池混用或新舊電池混合(he)充電

由于(yu)新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)都(dou)比(bi)較小，而(er)舊(jiu)(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)都(dou)有不(bu)同程度的(de)增大(da)，當(dang)新(xin)舊(jiu)(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)混(hun)合(he)在一起充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，由于(yu)舊(jiu)(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)大(da)，分壓會相(xiang)對(dui)偏大(da)，極容(rong)易造成過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)現象；而(er)對(dui)于(yu)新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)較小，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓小但電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)偏大(da)，又容(rong)易造成過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)現象，所以(yi)在充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中應避免新(xin)舊(jiu)(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)混(hun)充。

8.蓄電池的使用環(huan)境(jing)

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)與(yu)環境溫(wen)(wen)度密切相關(guan)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)處于較低(di)溫(wen)(wen)度時(shi)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中的(de)鋅板容(rong)易粉(fen)化，失去(qu)蓄電(dian)性(xing)能，造成(cheng)永(yong)(yong)久性(xing)損(sun)壞(huai)；溫(wen)(wen)度過高時(shi)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量也會下降，情(qing)況嚴重時(shi)會造成(cheng)永(yong)(yong)久性(xing)損(sun)壞(huai)。根據電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生產(chan)廠(chang)家的(de)技術規范，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)最(zui)佳使(shi)用(yong)溫(wen)(wen)度是2~25℃，在該溫(wen)(wen)度范圍使(shi)用(yong)，可(ke)延(yan)長(chang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)。

總之，做好UPS蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護(hu)工作，可以(yi)減少UPS的(de)(de)(de)故障，提高(gao)系(xi)統運行的(de)(de)(de)穩定性。通過對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護(hu)可以(yi)提高(gao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命。

文章編輯：CobiNet(寧波)  
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