引言

UPS供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力、通信(xin)、銀行(xing)等行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)必備電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，從產生到現在(zai)(zai)(zai)已有幾十年的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)歷(li)程，在(zai)(zai)(zai)技術不(bu)斷(duan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和改(gai)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)保(bao)護(hu)功能也在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)地發(fa)(fa)生變化(hua)。UPS根據主機內逆(ni)變器的(de)(de)(de)工作狀態可分為(wei)(wei)：后備式、在(zai)(zai)(zai)線式及在(zai)(zai)(zai)線互動式。他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)作用是對市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行(xing)濾波、穩壓(ya)調整，以便向負載提(ti)供(gong)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)穩定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，同時(shi)，通過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)變為(wei)(wei)化(hua)學能儲(chu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內，一旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)力中(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率超出UPS的(de)(de)(de)輸入范圍，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)極短的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間內開啟(qi)自身的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，向負載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

本文所設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)UPS智(zhi)(zhi)能監控(kong)系統具備以(yi)下環(huan)節(jie)和(he)功(gong)(gong)能：能在各種復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)網環(huan)境下運行(xing)；在運行(xing)中不會(hui)對市電(dian)產生附加的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾；輸出電(dian)性能指標應該是(shi)全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、高(gao)(gao)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，能滿足負(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)要(yao)求；UPS本身應具有(you)很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效率(lv)，有(you)接近實際(ji)市電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出能力；是(shi)一臺智(zhi)(zhi)能化程(cheng)度很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備，有(you)高(gao)(gao)度智(zhi)(zhi)能化的(de)(de)(de)(de)自檢(jian)功(gong)(gong)能，自動顯示、報警、狀態記憶功(gong)(gong)能以(yi)及通訊功(gong)(gong)能。

1、總體設計

該設(she)計由主監控單(dan)元、交(jiao)流檢(jian)(jian)測單(dan)元、電(dian)(dian)池檢(jian)(jian)測與巡檢(jian)(jian)單(dan)元、饋線(xian)(xian)(xian)檢(jian)(jian)測及(ji)調(diao)壓(ya)單(dan)元、絕緣監察及(ji)接(jie)地選線(xian)(xian)(xian)單(dan)元等單(dan)元模塊組成。這些模塊之間通(tong)過(guo)內部(bu)RS485進(jin)行通(tong)信(xin)，實(shi)現對電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)柜的交(jiao)流配電(dian)(dian)、蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程、電(dian)(dian)池狀(zhuang)態(tai)、調(diao)壓(ya)狀(zhuang)態(tai)、母線(xian)(xian)(xian)對地電(dian)(dian)阻、饋出線(xian)(xian)(xian)開關狀(zhuang)態(tai)的實(shi)時(shi)監測、控制和(he)報警處(chu)理。整個系統通(tong)過(guo)RS232和(he)上位機進(jin)行通(tong)信(xin)以(yi)進(jin)行歷史數據的查詢和(he)統計。

2、各單元介紹

2.1主監控單元

主監控單(dan)(dan)元調度整個系統的運(yun)行。主監控單(dan)(dan)元由主監控板、320X240點陣液晶顯(xian)示屏、鍵盤及(ji)指示燈等組成，完成蓄電(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)管(guan)理，運(yun)行及(ji)控制參數的設定和(he)顯(xian)示，告警記錄的存儲、查詢，通過RS232和(he)上位機(ji)通信，通過RS485控制內部各單(dan)(dan)元。

2.2交流檢測單元

該單元主要完成三相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)流及頻率(lv)的采(cai)集；同時具有交(jiao)流失電(dian)(dian)、缺(que)相(xiang)、過壓(ya)、欠壓(ya)等告警(jing)功能(neng)；告警(jing)時繼電(dian)(dian)器告警(jing)接(jie)點(dian)閉合。通(tong)過調節板(ban)上電(dian)(dian)位器可校(xiao)正(zheng)三相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)顯示值。

2.3電池檢測與巡檢單元

該單(dan)元由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)檢(jian)測板(ban)(ban)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)巡檢(jian)板(ban)(ban)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)（可選），主(zhu)要完成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)（合(he)母電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)）、充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、環境溫度及(ji)(ji)單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)采集；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)熔絲狀態檢(jian)測；可通過(guo)(guo)輸出模擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)給定來控制(zhi)其(qi)他廠家的(de)(de)模塊或相控電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源三相觸(chu)發(fa)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)給定（具體(ti)情況與(yu)廠家協商），提高了系統的(de)(de)兼容性(xing)；按時計量(liang)；同時完成(cheng)合(he)母過(guo)(guo)欠壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)過(guo)(guo)充、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)(ji)單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)失效告警等功能；通過(guo)(guo)調節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)檢(jian)測板(ban)(ban)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)巡檢(jian)板(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)可分別校正合(he)母電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)顯(xian)示(shi)值。如圖2中所示(shi)。

2.4饋線檢測及硅(gui)鏈調(diao)壓單元(yuan)

由饋(kui)線檢測CPU板(ban)、開(kai)(kai)關量(liang)輸入板(ban)組成，實時(shi)檢測合母(mu)和控(kong)母(mu)的饋(kui)線開(kai)(kai)關狀(zhuang)態。通過開(kai)(kai)關量(liang)擴展口(kou)，可以檢測24路饋(kui)線。當出現(xian)開(kai)(kai)關變位或控(kong)母(mu)電(dian)壓越限(xian)時(shi)告警并通過硅(gui)鏈自(zi)動調(diao)節(jie)控(kong)母(mu)電(dian)壓（最多(duo)7節(jie)硅(gui)鏈調(diao)壓）。通過調(diao)節(jie)饋(kui)線檢測板(ban)上電(dian)位器(qi)可校整控(kong)母(mu)電(dian)壓顯示值(zhi)。

2.5絕緣監察及接地選線單元

由絕緣監察檢測(ce)板(ban)和(he)接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)線(xian)(xian)擴展板(ban)組成，主要功(gong)能是實時監測(ce)母線(xian)(xian)對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)電(dian)阻(zu)，自定(ding)位接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)支(zhi)路(lu)。當母線(xian)(xian)對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)電(dian)阻(zu)低于告(gao)警(jing)設定(ding)值時，告(gao)警(jing)繼電(dian)器閉(bi)合；通(tong)過(guo)接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)線(xian)(xian)擴展口連(lian)接(jie)接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)線(xian)(xian)，最(zui)多支(zhi)持24路(lu)選(xuan)線(xian)(xian)。

3、關(guan)鍵電路單元設計

3.1電流檢測電路

電池充放電電流的(de)(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)尤為關(guan)鍵。電路圖如圖1所示，因為是既(ji)檢(jian)測(ce)充電電流也(ye)(ye)檢(jian)測(ce)放電電流，故在小(xiao)(xiao)電阻上(shang)的(de)(de)電壓又是兩個(ge)(ge)方向(xiang)，在電路檢(jian)測(ce)中(zhong)用兩個(ge)(ge)通道(dao)分別(bie)檢(jian)測(ce)，這樣也(ye)(ye)便于分別(bie)進(jin)行信號的(de)(de)調(diao)理(li)，同(tong)時也(ye)(ye)便于用AD轉換器的(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)輸(shu)入通道(dao)來(lai)測(ce)量。

圖1 電流檢測電路

3.2合母電(dian)壓的監測

合(he)母(mu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)監(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)路如圖2所示(shi)。合(he)母(mu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)流過電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)R16、R17、R54，在電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)R17上(shang)取樣，故而(er)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)R17應選用高精度電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)。R16和R54因為要比(bi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)R17大(da)得多，又是(shi)出(chu)現在分母(mu)上(shang)，故而(er)不必選用高精度電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)。LL的(de)作用是(shi)抑制共模(mo)干(gan)擾(rao)。可以通過調節電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)Rp的(de)大(da)小來使所要監(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)大(da)小符(fu)合(he)AD轉換器(qi)輸入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)要求。

圖2 合母電壓的監測電路(lu)

3.3AD轉換

AD轉換(huan)芯片(pian)采用TLV1544.TLV1544的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特點是：寬范圍的(de)(de)單電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，VCC可為(wei)2援7耀5援5V；芯片(pian)內部有著較高(gao)的(de)(de)轉換(huan)速率，轉換(huan)時間(jian)小(xiao)于10滋s；芯片(pian)提供(gong)4路(lu)外(wai)部輸入通(tong)(tong)道，通(tong)(tong)過編(bian)程給芯片(pian)不同(tong)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)字設置可以任意選擇4個輸入通(tong)(tong)道之一；芯片(pian)有4個端口作為(wei)同(tong)步串行接口，通(tong)(tong)過SPI總線的(de)(de)形(xing)式與微處理器(qi)連接；11位AD轉換(huan)，足以滿足系統的(de)(de)要(yao)求。如圖3所示。

圖3 AD芯片電路

控制(zhi)對從選(xuan)定(ding)的(de)通(tong)道中輸(shu)入的(de)模(mo)擬信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)開始。由高(gao)(gao)變低開始模(mo)擬輸(shu)入信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)；由低變高(gao)(gao)使(shi)采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)和(he)保持功能處于保持狀態，并開始模(mo)數轉(zhuan)換。獨立于輸(shu)入輸(shu)出(chu)時(shi)鐘信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)，當為高(gao)(gao)時(shi)，開始工作(zuo)。為低的(de)持續(xu)(xu)時(shi)間控制(zhi)開關電容陣列(lie)采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)周(zhou)期的(de)持續(xu)(xu)時(shi)間。當不用時(shi)，接高(gao)(gao)電平。引腳（EOC）在(zai)A轅D轉(zhuan)換結束時(shi)變為高(gao)(gao)電平來(lai)表明轉(zhuan)換完(wan)成(cheng)。本單元通(tong)過(guo)查詢EOC電平來(lai)判斷是(shi)否轉(zhuan)換完(wan)成(cheng)從而進(jin)行(xing)數據的(de)讀取。

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我們是萬兆屏蔽模塊，10G屏蔽模塊，屏蔽線生產廠家。