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一根細(xi)細(xi)的玻璃纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(光(guang)纖(xian)(xian))能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)把等同于上千(qian)本書的信(xin)息簡直瞬(shun)時(shi)地(di)傳(chuan)輸(shu)到數(shu)百公(gong)里外。在現代(dai)通訊職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)，它早已代(dai)替(ti)了(le)(le)銅線(xian)，變成長間隔信(xin)號(hao)(hao)傳(chuan)輸(shu)的載體。光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)自1966 年面(mian)世以來(lai)，大(da)家(jia)開(kai)始尋(xun)求的目(mu)標是(shi)盡可能(neng)(neng)地(di)下降損耗(hao)。70 時(shi)代(dai)末(mo)，光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)已達到每公(gong)里只要4-5%能(neng)(neng)量損耗(hao)(0.2dB/km)，光(guang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)傳(chuan)輸(shu)幾十(shi)公(gong)里;跟著科技的開(kai)展，到80 時(shi)代(dai)后期摻(chan)鉺光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)放大(da)器(Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier, EDFA)面(mian)市，光(guang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)傳(chuan)輸(shu)過程中(zhong)增(zeng)強，徹底解決了(le)(le)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)損耗(hao)這一歷史性難題，完結了(le)(le)跨洋超長間隔信(xin)息傳(chuan)輸(shu)。光(guang)導纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)作為通訊職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)一個充滿活力(li)的新興力(li)量，繁(fan)榮開(kai)展壯大(da)起來(lai)。因而，具有 光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)之父 美(mei)譽的華裔科學(xue)家(jia)高錕(kun)在2009年榮獲(huo)諾(nuo)貝爾物理學(xue)獎。

自1990年以來，因為(wei)網(wang)絡數據通(tong)訊(xun)業務的(de)(de)快(kuai)速增長(chang)，使得大(da)家對傳統通(tong)訊(xun)體系(xi)的(de)(de)請求(qiu)不斷前進，更(geng)(geng)大(da)容(rong)量、更(geng)(geng)高速率、更(geng)(geng)長(chang)傳輸間(jian)隔的(de)(de)光纖通(tong)訊(xun)體系(xi)隨之呈現。但(dan)在傳統的(de)(de)光纖體系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)，存在著比如色散、非線性和下(xia)一(yi)代全光網(wang)絡中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)邏輯器(qi)材功用簡略(lve)(如:光開關)的(de)(de)難題(ti)，這就需(xu)求(qiu)有新的(de)(de)光纖技(ji)能和器(qi)材作(zuo)支撐。

1、從傳統(tong)光(guang)纖到光(guang)子晶體光(guang)纖

1987年，Eli Yablonovitch等(deng)科學(xue)家發現(xian)某些(xie)動物(wu)體(ti)表(biao)有周期性規則擺放(fang)的(de)細(xi)毛(mao)，能夠把某些(xie)顏色(對應必定波(bo)長(chang))的(de)光(guang)徹底反(fan)射，而吸收(shou)其它波(bo)長(chang)，展現(xian)出(chu)美(mei)麗(li)的(de)顏色，如圖1所示孔雀的(de)茸毛(mao)和蝴蝶的(de)羽翼(yi)外(wai)表(biao)呈現(xian)出(chu)艷麗(li)的(de)顏色。Eli Yablonovitch等(deng)將此類構(gou)(gou)(gou)造命名(ming)為(wei) 光(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti) 。很快，這(zhe)一構(gou)(gou)(gou)造在(zai)光(guang)纖范疇得到了(le)移植(zhi)運用(yong)。1992年，Phillip Russell等(deng)人(ren)提出(chu) 光(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)光(guang)纖 (微構(gou)(gou)(gou)造光(guang)纖中的(de)一類)。光(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)光(guang)纖是由一簇細(xi)微的(de)石英毛(mao)細(xi)管依照六(liu)邊(bian)形(xing)周期性擺放(fang)，從橫(heng)截面上(shang)看(kan)去，就像是蜂窩構(gou)(gou)(gou)造。因(yin)為(wei)優秀的(de)傳輸(shu)特(te)性，光(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)光(guang)纖敏捷在(zai)全球遭(zao)到重視。

傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)構造(zao)(如圖2，(a))通常是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由兩種玻璃資(zi)料制成(cheng)的(de)(de)，包括(kuo)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)較高折射(she)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)和較低折射(she)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)包層(ceng)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)經過全反射(she)的(de)(de)方(fang)法在(zai)高折射(she)率(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)料的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)達。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可由單一(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)料制備(如：石(shi)英(ying)玻璃)，分為(wei)實芯(xin)和空(kong)(kong)芯(xin)兩種構造(zao)。實芯(xin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)構造(zao)，通常是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由二(er)維的(de)(de)毛(mao)(mao)細(xi)管依(yi)照六邊形構成(cheng)的(de)(de)陣列，最基地的(de)(de)毛(mao)(mao)細(xi)管被換(huan)成(cheng)石(shi)英(ying)玻璃棒(bang)，構成(cheng)了光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)缺(que)點(dian)(圖2(b))，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)則在(zai)這個實芯(xin)缺(que)點(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)達。這種光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)作業(ye)原(yuan)(yuan)理和傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)挨近，經過纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)和包層(ceng)不一(yi)樣的(de)(de)折射(she)率(lv)(lv)(lv)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)達。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)包層(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含有(you)(you)(you)(you)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)孔，使得包層(ceng)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)用折射(she)率(lv)(lv)(lv)小于纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)折射(she)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)在(zai)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)內構成(cheng)全反射(she)。空(kong)(kong)芯(xin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(圖2(c))也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)只要(yao)二(er)氧化硅一(yi)種原(yuan)(yuan)料，可是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)它與傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和實芯(xin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)導(dao)機(ji)理徹底不一(yi)樣，空(kong)(kong)芯(xin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)選用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)帶(dai)隙(xi)(xi)原(yuan)(yuan)理，運用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)帶(dai)隙(xi)(xi)效應(ying)完結光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)在(zai)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)在(zai)這種光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)孔傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)達，所(suo)以(yi)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)慣(guan)例光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)窗口、損耗、色(se)散等約束(shu)。

2、光(guang)子晶體光(guang)纖(xian)革命性優勢

光(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶體光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)除了在(zai)(zai)(zai)外形上和傳統(tong)(tong)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)區(qu)別以外，在(zai)(zai)(zai)規(gui)劃的自由度上也(ye)具(ju)有革(ge)命(ming)性優勢。除了具(ju)有傳統(tong)(tong)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)的特(te)性，光(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶體光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)還能(neng)夠(gou)靈敏的調(diao)整纖(xian)芯或(huo)包層(ceng)中空氣孔的巨細、間隔和幾許形狀，這些改動使光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)有了更(geng)多的功用，也(ye)因(yin)而在(zai)(zai)(zai)多個方面(mian)逾越了傳統(tong)(tong)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)。以下是幾個簡略的比如(ru)：

(1)單一制作資料

首先，單(dan)一(yi)(yi)資(zi)料不(bu)易遭(zao)到(dao)溫度(du)改(gai)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。假(jia)如光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)多種(zhong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)資(zi)料，而每種(zhong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)膨脹(zhang)系數不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣，那么(me)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)非恒(heng)溫運用(yong)條件下的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)功(gong)用(yong)會(hui)隨之改(gai)動，可能(neng)會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成信號紊亂，而單(dan)一(yi)(yi)資(zi)料光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)成品不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)相異的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)膨脹(zhang)系數，極好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規避了(le)溫差的(de)(de)(de)(de)約束，信號更為安(an)穩。其(qi)次，單(dan)一(yi)(yi)資(zi)料抗輻照(zhao)功(gong)用(yong)優越。假(jia)如在(zai)(zai)大氣(qi)層(ceng)以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境中(zhong)運用(yong)傳統(tong)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)，失掉大氣(qi)層(ceng)維護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)鍺會(hui)遭(zao)到(dao)宇宙射線的(de)(de)(de)(de)攪(jiao)擾而發生化學(xue)改(gai)動，光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)用(yong)就不(bu)再安(an)穩。而光(guang)(guang)子晶體(ti)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)只要單(dan)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)英玻(bo)璃(li)(li)，不(bu)會(hui)遭(zao)到(dao)種(zhong)狀況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)攪(jiao)擾。并(bing)且，實芯(xin)光(guang)(guang)子晶體(ti)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)是由純石(shi)英這一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)資(zi)料制備而成，外(wai)部包層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)(kong)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)使得(de)包層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有用(yong)折射率低(di)于纖(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)，這么(me)以來(lai)，確保了(le)光(guang)(guang)繼續(xu)在(zai)(zai)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)。也(ye)能(neng)夠規劃毛細孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間隔來(lai)操控光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)。

(2)空芯傳輸

在(zai)空(kong)(kong)芯(xin)(xin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)在(zai)空(kong)(kong)芯(xin)(xin)中(zhong)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)，避免了纖(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)資料的(de)自身的(de)吸收和散(san)(san)射疑(yi)問，因而不存在(zai)傳統玻璃光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)的(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)窗口，全部波段都能(neng)夠(gou)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，且理論上可完(wan)結極低(di)損耗。盡管因為空(kong)(kong)芯(xin)(xin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)拉制缺點(dian)，如今的(de)空(kong)(kong)心光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)損耗大于(yu)傳統光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)，跟著(zhu)空(kong)(kong)心光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)出產工藝的(de)逐步(bu)優化，這一疑(yi)問將很快得到解決。一起(qi)，空(kong)(kong)芯(xin)(xin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)色散(san)(san)與包(bao)層構造(zao)密切(qie)相關，改動(dong)空(kong)(kong)芯(xin)(xin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)晶體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)構造(zao)能(neng)夠(gou)使零色散(san)(san)波長極大的(de)向短(duan)波長方向移動(dong)，并能(neng)夠(gou)完(wan)結各(ge)種特別的(de)色散(san)(san)請求(如色散(san)(san)平整，色散(san)(san)抵償等)。另外，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)在(zai)空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)，其非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)系數十分(fen)小，比傳統單模光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)低(di)1000多倍，有利于(yu)抑制有害的(de)非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)影響(xiang)。

(3)便利制作

光子晶(jing)體(ti)光纖(xian)不(bu)需求運用化學(xue)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)積(ji)(ji)等大型設(she)備(bei)即可完結預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棒(bang)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)。慣例光纖(xian)預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棒(bang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備(bei)辦法(fa)是管(guan)內化學(xue)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)積(ji)(ji)法(fa)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備(bei)一(yi)根預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棒(bang)往(wang)往(wang)需求幾小(xiao)時到幾十小(xiao)時，并(bing)且存在有害氣(qi)體(ti)。光子晶(jing)體(ti)光纖(xian)預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棒(bang)是毛細管(guan)排(pai)管(guan)法(fa)完結的(de)(de)(de)，數(shu)十根或上百根毛細管(guan)依照蜂(feng)窩狀擺放成(cheng)型。不(bu)需求化學(xue)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)積(ji)(ji)，節約出產時間并(bing)且對環境無(wu)污(wu)染(ran)。跟著商場的(de)(de)(de)逐步開辟，出產成(cheng)本(ben)亦會大幅度下降(jiang)。

3、光(guang)子晶體(ti)光(guang)纖的(de)運(yun)用及(ji)商場

(1)惡劣(lie)環境運用(yong)(yong)的高(gao)功(gong)用(yong)(yong)保偏光纖

實踐運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中常(chang)常(chang)需求堅持光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)偏(pian)振(zhen)(zhen)特性(xing)(xing)，這正是保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)振(zhen)(zhen)態光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)武之地。尤其(qi)是在(zai)(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)陀(tuo)螺范疇(chou)，每年至(zhi)少有1.5萬公里的(de)(de)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)。傳(chuan)統(tong)領結(jie)型及和(he)熊貓型保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)是根據應(ying)力(li)(li)雙(shuang)折(zhe)(zhe)射(she)，雙(shuang)折(zhe)(zhe)射(she)值通常(chang)在(zai)(zai)10-4量(liang)級。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)型保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)，雙(shuang)折(zhe)(zhe)射(she)可做到(dao)10-3以上，比傳(chuan)統(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)高一個數(shu)量(liang)級，偏(pian)振(zhen)(zhen)堅持才能更(geng)強。根據應(ying)力(li)(li)雙(shuang)折(zhe)(zhe)射(she)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)，應(ying)力(li)(li)區的(de)(de)引進是取得高雙(shuang)折(zhe)(zhe)射(she)的(de)(de)根底。但當溫(wen)度(du)(du)增(zeng)加(jia)時(shi)，應(ying)力(li)(li)區的(de)(de)應(ying)力(li)(li)逐(zhu)步開(kai)釋，雙(shuang)折(zhe)(zhe)射(she)值逐(zhu)步減小(xiao)甚至(zhi)消失，致使(shi)傳(chuan)統(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)改動(dong)溫(wen)度(du)(du)環(huan)境(jing)中安穩性(xing)(xing)較差(cha)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)歸于(yu)幾許雙(shuang)折(zhe)(zhe)射(she)，纖(xian)(xian)(xian)芯與包(bao)層選用(yong)(yong)(yong)單一原(yuan)料，共同的(de)(de)熱膨脹系數(shu);并且(qie)，空氣包(bao)層的(de)(de)網格構造(zao)，能有用(yong)(yong)(yong)緩沖溫(wen)度(du)(du)大范圍動(dong)搖(yao)致使(shi)的(de)(de)附加(jia)應(ying)力(li)(li)，因而(er)保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)具有杰(jie)出的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)安穩性(xing)(xing)，雙(shuang)折(zhe)(zhe)射(she)不隨(sui)溫(wen)度(du)(du)增(zeng)加(jia)而(er)減小(xiao)。另外，傳(chuan)統(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)芯中摻鍺，在(zai)(zai)太(tai)空等(deng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)陀(tuo)螺運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)范疇(chou)的(de)(de)輻射(she)照耀環(huan)境(jing)下會(hui)增(zeng)加(jia)損耗(hao)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)高純石(shi)英玻璃制備，高純的(de)(de)石(shi)英使(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)有杰(jie)出抗輻照功用(yong)(yong)(yong)。可見，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)保(bao)(bao)(bao)偏(pian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)對于(yu)在(zai)(zai)惡劣運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)環(huan)境(jing)下(如：太(tai)空輻照環(huan)境(jing)中)的(de)(de)高精度(du)(du)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)陀(tuo)螺，具有不行代(dai)替的(de)(de)效果(guo)。

(2)高功(gong)率光纖激(ji)光器和新(xin)型光纖傳感(gan)

光(guang)(guang)(guang)子晶體光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖選用毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)管堆疊拉制，激光(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)增益光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖和刻制光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖光(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)所需求(qiu)的(de)(de)在纖芯中(zhong)的(de)(de)摻雜(za)(za)變得(de)十分(fen)簡(jian)單，只需在擺放時選用含有稀土元素(su)摻雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)棒(bang)更換基地(di)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)管即可;光(guang)(guang)(guang)子晶體光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖能(neng)夠規劃成高數值孔徑(NA)包層(ceng)，有利(li)于泵(beng)浦(pu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)耦合;一起(qi)能(neng)夠規劃成大模(mo)場、低非線性，可支撐高功(gong)率、高光(guang)(guang)(guang)束質(zhi)量的(de)(de)激光(guang)(guang)(guang)輸出。

光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)商(shang)場(chang)無(wu)窮(qiong)，一(yi)起高(gao)功(gong)率激光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)在軍事(shi)、國(guo)(guo)防范疇(chou)也(ye)有(you)(you)主要運用。IPG一(yi)家公(gong)司在2012年的(de)一(yi)個季度就有(you)(you)逾(yu)越1億美元的(de)銷售額。中國(guo)(guo)商(shang)場(chang)對光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)激光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)量也(ye)是(shi)無(wu)窮(qiong)的(de)。很多傳統制作業出產商(shang)拋棄老的(de)加工出產方法，選用激光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)做完結機(ji)械加工，這(zhe)么不僅可(ke)削減碳(tan)排放，且商(shang)品質量也(ye)會得(de)(de)到大幅前進。可(ke)是(shi)，國(guo)(guo)內仍(reng)然(ran)沒有(you)(you)一(yi)家公(gong)司能(neng)夠長時(shi)間安穩的(de)供(gong)給摻雜光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)，這(zhe)既是(shi)無(wu)窮(qiong)的(de)挑戰也(ye)是(shi)難得(de)(de)的(de)機(ji)遇(yu)。

跟(gen)著物聯網的(de)(de)開展，傳感(gan)(gan)職(zhi)(zhi)業的(de)(de)商場份額(e)正(zheng)在日益(yi)變(bian)大。作為光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳感(gan)(gan)職(zhi)(zhi)業最早步入(ru)(ru)有(you)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)主要(yao)傳感(gan)(gan)器(qi)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)正(zheng)起(qi)著越來(lai)越主要(yao)的(de)(de)效(xiao)果。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)摻鍺可(ke)前(qian)進光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏性，從而能夠(gou)制成光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)。1999年，Ben Eggleton等(deng)(deng)科學家在纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)摻鍺的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中，選用(yong)(yong)紫外光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)掩模(mo)寫入(ru)(ru)法取得了布拉格光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)和(he)長周期光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)。與普(pu)通光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)比較，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)具(ju)有(you)對外界折(zhe)射率指數不敏感(gan)(gan)、高耦合(he)系(xi)數和(he)低(di)包層模(mo)損耗等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)長處。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)的(de)(de)呈現，正(zheng)在有(you)力地推動著光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柵(zha)傳感(gan)(gan)技能的(de)(de)前(qian)進和(he)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)范疇的(de)(de)拓寬。

(3)下一代通訊技(ji)能(neng) - 空分(fen)復用，多芯光(guang)纖

受(shou)高容量光(guang)網(wang)絡需求(qiu)的推動，空分復用(yong)(yong)和多(duo)(duo)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等多(duo)(duo)種光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)構造和功用(yong)(yong)立異在不斷涌現。空分復用(yong)(yong)，是一條光(guang)纜(lan)中的多(duo)(duo)組(zu)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)經過(guo)空間進(jin)行復用(yong)(yong)的方法;多(duo)(duo)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)則是一根光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)具有多(duo)(duo)個慣例纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)，且纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)相互之(zhi)間攪擾很小。空分復用(yong)(yong)和多(duo)(duo)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，均可在很大程度(du)上(shang)前(qian)進(jin)傳輸(shu)體(ti)系的容量，有望變(bian)成下(xia)一代傳輸(shu)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。根據光(guang)子晶體(ti)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制作(zuo)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)，制作(zuo)多(duo)(duo)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是極其便(bian)利的，只需將相應方位的毛(mao)(mao)細管更(geng)換為(wei)毛(mao)(mao)細棒即可(如圖2(d))。一起，能(neng)(neng)夠規(gui)劃每個纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)周圍的包層，減小纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)之(zhi)間的最小串擾間隔，使相同(tong)直(zhi)徑的光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中容納更(geng)多(duo)(duo)的纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)，前(qian)進(jin)傳輸(shu)體(ti)系的容量。

光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)經過改(gai)動包層中空氣孔的(de)間隔及巨細，能夠(gou)很便(bian)利的(de)改(gai)動光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)的(de)波導功用，因而(er)能夠(gou)規劃具有特(te)別性質的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，如：大模場(chang)面(mian)積光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，高數值孔徑光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，高雙折射光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，高非線(xian)性光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，色散平整光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，色散抵償光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)等(deng)。能夠(gou)說光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)在很多運(yun)(yun)用范(fan)(fan)疇(chou)會(hui)逾(yu)越傳統(tong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，將會(hui)在通訊(xun)，激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器和傳感范(fan)(fan)疇(chou)具有無窮的(de)運(yun)(yun)用潛力。僅全(quan)球的(de)通訊(xun)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)在2013年的(de)運(yun)(yun)用量逾(yu)越2.5億芯公里。因而(er)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)很快會(hui)在這個龐大的(de)運(yun)(yun)用范(fan)(fan)疇(chou)分到一(yi)杯羹。

4、中國(guo)研發出產的光子(zi)晶體光纖已(yi)達(da)世界先進水(shui)平

中(zhong)國如(ru)今出(chu)產的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)現(xian)已達到了世界(jie)較先進的(de)水平(ping)。中(zhong)國首家(jia)特種光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)產業公(gong)司(si)武漢長盈(ying)通光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)技能(neng)有限(xian)公(gong)司(si)，已研發出(chu)多種尺寸的(de)保偏光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，出(chu)產的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)現(xian)已達到了世界(jie)較先進的(de)水平(ping)，也正在(zai)穩步開發光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏性(xing)和空芯光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)商品。公(gong)司(si)出(chu)產的(de)保偏光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)在(zai)1550nm波(bo)段損(sun)耗低(di)于1.5dB/km以(yi)下。光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)包層及(ji)纖(xian)(xian)芯選用(yong)相(xiang)同原料，實測數據顯現(xian)，其溫度敏感性(xing)上優(you)(you)于傳(chuan)統保偏光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)，全溫消光(guang)(guang)(guang)比(bi)改動(dong)為2dB擺布(bu)，比(bi)較傳(chuan)統保偏光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)具有很大的(de)優(you)(you)勢(shi)。長盈(ying)通光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)技能(neng)總監廉(lian)正剛博士(shi)說: 光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)在(zai)航天，激光(guang)(guang)(guang)器，傳(chuan)感等(deng)(deng)范疇中(zhong)均體(ti)現(xian)出(chu)不行代替的(de)優(you)(you)勢(shi)，將來的(de)商場(chang)會是無窮(qiong)的(de)。 。 如(ru)今，該公(gong)司(si)正在(zai)對光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)的(de)熔(rong)接進行試驗，有望推動(dong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)的(de)有用(yong)化進程。

5、結語

光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)開展已逾(yu)越了(le)半個世紀。對于(yu)不一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)運用，光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)資料和構造規(gui)(gui)劃都在(zai)發(fa)生(sheng)著(zhu)演變。光(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)呈現，使光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)出產商和運用商耳目一(yi)(yi)新，它靈敏(min)的(de)(de)(de)構造規(gui)(gui)劃自由度一(yi)(yi)起也(ye)招引了(le)各大科(ke)研院所的(de)(de)(de)濃厚興趣。盡管存在(zai)有無(wu)窮的(de)(de)(de)潛在(zai)商場，可是如今中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)具有光(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)研發(fa)和出產才(cai)能的(de)(de)(de)公司寥寥無(wu)幾。武(wu)漢長盈通光(guang)電公司方(fang)案進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步豐富光(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)商品(pin)線，打破國(guo)(guo)外獨(du)占，開發(fa)全系列光(guang)子(zi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)商品(pin)，為(wei)光(guang)傳遞信號和傳輸能量(liang)供給最佳的(de)(de)(de)特種光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)及全體(ti)(ti)解(jie)決方(fang)案。

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